LIANA+CRUM

www.learningcommunity202.org/PEHS/departments/science/Severino/kingdom_period_2/Mollusks_SS/Assets/mollusks1   **__KINGDOM__**       THE TYPE OF KINGDOM THE MOLLUSKS BELONG TO IS CALLED ANIMALIA. ANIMALIA DOES NOT CONTAIN THE PROKARYOTES. THESE BELONG TO A DIFFRENT KNGDOM. THE MOLLUSKS (USUALLY CALLED SNAILS) BELONGS TO THIS GROUP BECAUSE EVEN THOUGH THEY MOVE SLOWLY THEY STILL MOVE. __**PHYLUM﻿﻿**__  THE MOLLUSKS BELONG TO PHYLUM MOLLUSCA. THIS PHYLA IS ONE OF THE LARGEST.IT CONTAINS AN EXTREME DIVERSITY OF EXTERNAL BODY FORMS INCLUDE ( OYSTER'S, CLAMS, CHITONS, SNAILS, SLUGS, SQUID, AND OCTOPUSES). THE MOLLUSKS BELONG TO THIS GROUP BECAUSE OF THE SHARED CHARACTERISTICS WHICH MAKES IT SIMILAR. **__STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION__** ** T he unique basic plan of the Mollusca involves the different modes of growth and of functioning of the three distinct regions of the molluscan body (see illustration). These are the head-foot with some nerve concentrations, most of the sense organs, and all the locomotory organs; the visceral mass (or hump ) containing organs of digestion, reproduction, and excretion ; and the mantle (or pallium ) hanging from the visceral mass and enfolding it and secreting the shell. In its development and growth, the head-foot shows a bilateral symmetry with an anterioposterior axis of growth. Over and around the visceral mass, however, the mantle-shell shows a biradial symmetry, and always grows by marginal increment around a dorsoventral axis. It is of considerable functional importance that a space is left between the mantle-shell and the visceral mass forming a semi-internal cavity; this is the mantle cavity or pallial chamber within which the typical gills of the mollusk, the ctenidia, develop. This mantle cavity is almost diagnostic of the phylum; it is primarily a respiratory chamber housing the ctenidia, but with alimentary, excretory, and genital systems all discharging into it. **
 * __ALL ABOUT MOLLUSKS__**

WORKS CITED:

WORKS CITED:

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Animalia.html

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http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_kingdom_do_mollusks_belong_to

__**ALL ABOUT ANTHROPODS**__ http://www.starvethefox.com   **__KINGDOM__**     THE TYPE OF KINGDOM THAT ARTHOPODS BELONGE TO IS CALLED INSECTA. **Insects** have a large number of unique, derived **characteristics**, although none of these are externally obvious in most species. SOME CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDES: two pairs of wings, three pairs of jointed legs, tri-segmented bodies: head, thorax, and abdomen, hard exoskeletons, a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, bilateral symmetry.

The first three characteristics listed, might be considered distinguishing. While insects display all these characteristics, not all are distinguishing. Humans, for instance have lateral symmetry and a pair of eyes.

**__PHYLUM__**

ARTHOPODS BELONG TO THE PHYLUM ARTHROPOD.

An **arthropod** is an invertebrate (meaning it lacks a backbone) with an external skeleton, a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Insects, arachnids, centipedes and crustaceans are all **arthropods**.

They make up over three-fourths of all currently known living and fossil organisms They have a stiff cuticle made mostly of chitin and proteins. Arthropods have segmented bodies and show various patterns of segment fusion to form integrated units including the head, thorax, and abdomen.

**__ STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION __**  The arthropods are a large group of invertebrate animals which include insects, spiders, millipedes, centipedes and crustacea such as lobsters and crabs. All arthropods have a hard exoskeleton or cuticle, segmented bodies and jointed legs. The crustacea and insects also have antennae, compound eyes and, often, three distinct regions to their bodies: head, thorax and abdomen.

The insects differ from the rest of the arthropods in having only three pairs of jointed legs on the thorax and, typically, two pairs of wings. There are a great many different species of insects and some, during evolution, have lost one pair of wings, as in the houseflies, crane flies and mosquitoes. Other parasitic species like the fleas have lost both pairs of wings. In beetles, grasshoppers and cockroaches, the first pair of wings has become modified to form a hard outer covering over the second pair. **__ ﻿ __** WORKS CITED:

http://www.biology-resources.com/insect-structure.html http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=1&o=0&l=dir&q=CHARACTERISTICS+OF+A+ARTHROPOD&adt=0 <span style="color: #003399; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;"> []

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_class_do_arthropods_belong_to

__** ALL ABOUT ECHINODERMS﻿ **__ __** ﻿ **__ **__ KINGDOM﻿ __**  **__ ﻿﻿﻿ __**   **THE KINGDOM IN WHICH THE ECHINODERMS BELONG TO IS CALLED ANIMALIA.** some characterisaitcs include: **Deuterostome embryo development, secondary radial symmetry: larvae have bilateral symmetry (radial symmetry thought to have evolved from sessile forms), five radial parts; sea urchins and cucumbers by folding “arms” upwards and fusing their edges; sea cucumbers lay on “side” and developed pseudo-bilateral symmetry, i.e. have distinct upper and lower side, Endoskeleton: calcite plates = ossicles, covered by epidermis, may be single plates (flexible body) or fused (solid shell, sea urchin),Spines on calcite plates give “spiny skin” (phylum name!) sea urchin spines are endoskeleton and covered by thin skin!**

__** PHYLUM **__ __** ﻿ **__  ECHINODERMS BELONG IN THE PHYLUM ECHINODERMETA. <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 16px;">**Echinoderms** are pentaradially (five-axis) symmetrical as adults, have a water-vascular system, and an endoskeleton. Members of this **phylum** include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 16px;">**Echinoderms** are one branch of the deuterostome line of animal evolution, the branch to which Chordates also **belong**. ... Another **phylum**-level characteristic of **echinoderms** is the water vascular system, detailed in the section on Class Astroidea. The water vascular system functions primarily in movement.

**__STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION__**

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,'Franklin Gothic Medium',Arial; font-size: 20px; line-height: normal;">Some echinoderms are carnivorous (for example starfish) others are detritus foragers (for example some sea cucumbers) or planktonic feeders (for example basket stars).

Reproduction is carried out by the release of sperm and eggs into the water. Most species produce pelagic (= free floating) planktonic larvae which feed on plankton. These larvae are bilaterally symmetrical, unlike their parents (illustration of a larvae of a sea star below). When they settle to the bottom they change to the typical echinoderm features. Echinoderms can regenerate missing limbs, arms, spines - even intestines (for example sea cucumbers). Some brittle stars and sea stars can reproduce asexually by breaking a ray or arm or by deliberately splitting the body in half. Each half then becomes a whole new animal. Echinoderms are protected through their spiny skins and spines. But they are still preyed upon by shells (like the triton shell), some fish (like the trigger fish), crabs and shrimps and by other echinoderms like starfish which are carnivorous. Many echinoderms only show themselves at night (= nocturnal), therefore reducing the threat from the day time predators. Echinoderms serve as hosts to a large variety of [|symbiotic] organisms including shrimps, crabs, worms, snails and even fishes.

works cited:

http://animals.about.com/od/habitatprofiles/ig/Visual-Guide-to-the-Great-Barr/Diversity.--4g.htm http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html **http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/BSC1011/BSC1011_15/tsld002.htm**

__**ALL ABOUT AVES**__ __**KINGDOM**__    ﻿   **﻿**THE KINGDOM IN WHICH AVES BELONG TO IS ANAAILIA. SOME CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE: The major characteristics of this class concern adaptations for flight, including appendages modified as wings, feathers, endothermy, a high metabolic rate, a vertebral column modified for flight, and bones that are lightened by numerous air spaces.

<span style="color: #2e8b57; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Horny bill and lack teeth.

<span style="font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Adaptive radiation has resulted in about 9,100 species of living birds, which are divided into about 27 orders. <span style="color: #2e8b57; font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The orders are distinguished from one another by characteristic behaviors, songs, anatomical differences, and ecological niches. <span style="font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #2e8b57; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> THE covering of feathers on a bird is called the plumage. The <span style="font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Feathers have two primary functions essential for flight. <span style="font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> They form the flight surfaces that provide lift and aid steering, and they prevent excessive heat loss, permitting the endothermic maintenance of high metabolic rates. <span style="font-size: 130%; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> Feathers also have roles in courtship, incubation, and waterproofing.

__ PHYLUM __ THE PHYLUM IN WHICH AVES BELONG TO IS CALLED CHORDATA.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Wetlands are important bird habitats, and birds use them for breeding, nesting, and rearing young (fig. 30). Birds also use wetlands as a source of drinking water and for feeding, resting, shelter, and social interactions. Some waterfowl, such as grebes, have adapted to wetlands to such an extent that their survival as individual species depends on the availability of certain types of wetlands within their geographic range.

**__ STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION __** **__ <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande',Arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">Many species are of economic importance, mostly as sources of food acquired through hunting or farming. Some species, particularly <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|songbirds] and <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|parrots], are popular as pets. Other uses include the harvesting of<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|guano] (droppings) for use as a <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|fertiliser]. Birds <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|figure prominently] in all aspects of human culture from religion to poetry to popular music. About 120–130 species have become <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|extinct] as a result of human activity since the 17th century, and hundreds more before then. Currently about 1,200 species of birds are threatened with extinction by human activities, though efforts are underway to <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0055cc; text-decoration: none;">[|protect] them. __**

works citied: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Bird http://www.ask.com/wiki/Bird http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html **__ ﻿ __**